The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious cup on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a comfortable win in the match featuring the French league champions and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, the southern French side fired twice in the closing moments to take a surprise lead. First, the English forward converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital leveler in the dying moments to send the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping crucial kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for PSG to seal a 4-1 penalty win.
The record champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the 12th time in the past 13 seasons.